They are harmless when wet but to handle the dry powder is disastrous." Use as an aerosol Īs 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile is a solid at room temperature, not a gas, a variety of techniques have been used to make this solid usable as an aerosol: Certain of these dinitriles have the effect of sneeze and tear gases. The physiological properties had been discovered already by the chemists first synthesising the compound in 1928:
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CS SOURCE SPRAYS FREE
Other bases, solvent free methods and microwave promotion have been suggested to improve the production of the substance. The production method has not changed since the substance was discovered by Corson and Stoughton. The reaction is catalysed with a weak base like piperidine or pyridine. Preparation of CS ClC 6H 4CHO + H 2C(CN) 2 → ClC 6H 4CHC(CN) 2 + H 2O CS has less effect on animals due to "under-developed tear-ducts and protection by fur". CS was used first on animals, then subsequently on British Army servicemen volunteers. ĬS was developed and tested secretly at Porton Down in Wiltshire, UK, in the 1950s and 1960s. It was first synthesized by two Americans, Ben Corson and Roger Stoughton, at Middlebury College in 1928, and the chemical's name is derived from the first letters of the scientists' surnames. CS gas is generally accepted as being non-lethal. CS gas is an aerosol of a volatile solvent (a substance that dissolves other active substances and that easily evaporates) and 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, which is a solid compound at room temperature.
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Exposure causes a burning sensation and tearing of the eyes to the extent that the subject cannot keep their eyes open, and a burning irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and throat, resulting in profuse coughing, nasal mucus discharge, disorientation, and difficulty breathing, partially incapacitating the subject.